Imagine trying to learn biology without ever using the word ?organism.? Or studying to become a botanist when the only way of referring to photosynthesis is to spell the word out, letter by painstaking letter.
For deaf students, this game of scientific Password has long been the daily classroom and laboratory experience. Words like ?organism? and ?photosynthesis? ? to say nothing of more obscure and harder-to-spell terms ? have no single widely accepted equivalent in sign language. This means that deaf students and their teachers and interpreters must improvise, making it that much harder for the students to excel in science and pursue careers in it.
?Often times, it would involve a lot of finger-spelling and a lot of improvisation,? said Matthew Schwerin, a physicist with the Food and Drug Administration who is deaf, of his years in school. ?For the majority of scientific terms,? Mr. Schwerin and his interpreter for the day would ?try to find a correct sign for the term, and if nothing was pre-existing, we would come up with a sign that was agreeable with both parties.?
Now thanks to the Internet ? particularly the boom in online video ? resources for deaf students seeking science-related signs are easier to find and share. Crowdsourcing projects in both American Sign Language and British Sign Language are under way at several universities, enabling people who are deaf to coalesce around signs for commonly used terms.
This year, one of those resources, the Scottish Sensory Centre?s British Sign Language Glossary Project, added 116 new signs for physics and engineering terms, including signs for ?light-year,?? (hold one hand up and spread the fingers downward for ?light,? then bring both hands together in front of your chest and slowly move them apart for ?year?), ?mass? and ?X-ray? (form an X with your index fingers, then, with the index finger on the right hand, point outward).?
The signs were developed by a team of researchers at the center, a division of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland that develops learning tools for students with visual and auditory impairments. The researchers spent more than a year soliciting ideas from deaf science workers, circulating lists of potential signs and ultimately gathering for ?an intense weekend? of final voting, said Audrey Cameron, science adviser for the project. (Dr. Cameron is also deaf, and like all non-hearing people interviewed for this article, answered questions via e-mail.)
Whether the Scottish Sensory Centre?s signs will take hold among its audience remains to be seen. ?Some will be adopted, and some will probably never be accepted,? Dr. Cameron said. ?We?ll have to wait and see what happens.?
Ideally, the standardization of signs will make it easier for deaf students to keep pace with their hearing classmates during lectures. ?I can only choose to look at one thing at a time,? said Mr. Schwerin of the F.D.A., recalling his science education, ?and it often meant choosing between the interpreter, the blackboard/screen/material, or taking notes. It was like, pick one, and lose out on the others.?
The problem doesn?t end at graduation. In fact, it only intensifies as new discoveries add unfamiliar terms to the scientific lexicon. ?I?ve had numerous meetings where I couldn?t participate properly because the interpreters were not able to understand the jargon and they did not know any scientific signs,? Dr. Cameron said.
One general complaint about efforts to standardize signs for technical terms is the idea that, much like spoken language, sign language should be allowed to develop organically rather than be dictated from above.
?Signs that are developed naturally ? i.e., that are tested and refined in everyday conversation ? are more likely to be accepted quickly by the community,? said Derek Braun, director of the molecular genetics laboratory at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C., which he said was the first biological laboratory designed and administered by deaf scientists.
Since at least the 1970s, deaf scientists have tried to address the lack of uniformity by gathering common signs for scientific terms in printed manuals and on videotapes. The problem has always been getting deaf students and their interpreters to adopt them.
Often, at science conferences, ?local interpreters that we never met before would often use different signs for the same terms, leading to confusion,? said Caroline Solomon, a biology professor at Gallaudet University who is deaf.
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